A number system is a method of representing numerical values using symbols and place values. Humans normally use the decimal system, while digital computers fundamentally represent information using binary digits.

Binary:   1  0  1  0
Values:   8  4  2  1

1010₂ = 8 + 2
      = 10₁₀

Computers work with many kinds of information, including numbers, text, images, audio and video. Inside a digital computer, these different forms of information are ultimately represented using patterns of binary digits.

Computers need an agreed system for connecting characters with numerical values. A character encoding system defines how letters, numbers, punctuation marks and other symbols are represented digitally.

Boolean logic works with two logical states, usually represented as True and False. In computing, these states can also be associated with 1 and 0.

Logic gates are fundamental building blocks of digital circuits. They receive one or more binary inputs and produce a binary output according to a logical rule.

The motherboard is the main circuit board of a computer. It provides physical and electrical connections that allow major components to communicate.

Booting is the process through which a computer starts and prepares its operating system for use.

Ports and connectivity interfaces allow computers to communicate with displays, storage devices, networks, audio equipment and other peripherals.

A device driver is software that helps an operating system communicate with a particular hardware device or class of devices.

A file format describes how information is organised inside a digital file. A filename extension often helps users and software identify the expected format.

Data compression reduces the amount of digital storage needed to represent information. It can make files easier to store or transmit.

Cloud computing provides computing resources through networked infrastructure, commonly over the internet. These resources can include storage, applications, processing and other services.

A database is an organised collection of data. A Database Management System, or DBMS, is software used to create, manage, retrieve and update database information.

A flowchart is a visual representation of a process or algorithm. Standard shapes can represent different types of steps.

Pseudocode is an informal, structured way of describing an algorithm using readable instructions without requiring the exact syntax of a programming language.

START

INPUT firstNumber
INPUT secondNumber

total ← firstNumber + secondNumber

OUTPUT total

END

Python is a general-purpose programming language known for readable syntax. Beginners can use it to learn variables, input, output, calculations, conditions and many other programming concepts.

name = input("Enter your name: ")
age = 12

print("Hello", name)
print("Age:", age)

a = 10
b = 5

answer = a + b

print(answer)

Debugging is the process of finding, understanding and correcting problems in a computer program.

# Incorrect
print("Hello"

# Correct
print("Hello")

Human–Computer Interaction, or HCI, studies how people interact with computers and how digital systems can be designed to support useful, efficient and understandable interaction.

A user interface is the part of a digital system through which a person interacts with software. It may include menus, buttons, forms, icons, text, navigation and visual feedback.

Digital accessibility aims to make websites, software and digital content usable by people with diverse abilities and access needs.

Open-source software makes its source code available under a licence that grants specified permissions to inspect, use, modify or redistribute the software.

A software licence describes permissions and conditions governing the use, copying, modification or distribution of software.

Intellectual property laws can protect different kinds of creative and innovative work. In computing, legal rights may relate to software, digital content, branding and inventions.

Multimedia combines multiple forms of digital content to communicate information or create an interactive experience.

Computer graphics involves creating, storing, manipulating and displaying visual information using computers.

Image processing uses computer techniques to modify, analyse or improve digital images.

Digital audio represents sound as digital data. A microphone can capture sound, and an analogue-to-digital conversion process can represent measurements of the sound signal as digital values.

Digital video represents moving visual information as a sequence of frames. Video systems may also include audio, subtitles, metadata and other information.

Green computing focuses on reducing the environmental impact associated with designing, manufacturing, using and disposing of computing equipment.

Assistive computing technologies help people perform digital tasks when standard methods of interaction create barriers. They can support communication, reading, navigation, typing, hearing and other activities.